South Khorasan Province is one of the parts of Greater Khorasan Province. The distance between the cities of South Khorasan province is very small and the density of South Khorasan province is very low. In the map of South Khorasan province, it is clear that a number of border cities of Iran and Afghanistan are located in this province. The important mines of South Khorasan province are valuable mines such as decorative stones. The industries of South Khorasan province include a wide range of industries. In this article, we will first introduce the province and its features such as the vegetation of South Khorasan Province and the wildlife of South Khorasan Province. Then, by introducing the culture of the people of South Khorasan, we will introduce the food and delicacies of South Khorasan province, handicrafts of South Khorasan province and souvenirs of South Khorasan province. Finally, in the cities of South Khorasan province, we will introduce the sightseeing places of South Khorasan. In this section, we introduce the sights of South Khorasan according to the cities of the province.
Introduction of South Khorasan province
South Khorasan province is one of the southeastern provinces of Iran. Genuine, warm-hearted and patient people live in this hot and dry desert climate. Before 2013, there was only one province called Khorasan province. On this date, after years of controversy, the great province of Khorasan was divided into three parts: North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan and South Khorasan. This province was initially formed with the three cities of Birjand, Sarbisheh and Nehbandan. Over the years, other cities were added to this province.
Currently, this province consists of 11 cities, Birjand, Tabas, Qaenat, Ferdous, Sarbisheh, Sarayan, Madhim, Beshroieh, Khosuf, Zirkouh and Nehbandan. Despite the historical importance of Firdous and Qain cities, Birjand city was chosen as the capital of South Khorasan province. Because over time, the cities of Ferdows and Qain had lost a large part of their population due to events such as earthquakes, and Birjand had become an important and densely populated city in the region.
Geographical location of South Khorasan
South Khorasan province is one of the border provinces of the country. This province is bordered by Afghanistan from the east and the cities of Zirkuh, Madhim, Sarbisheh and Nahbandan. Khorasan Razavi province is bordering this province from the north and Kerman and Sistan and Baluchistan provinces from the south. The provinces of Semnan, Yazd and Isfahan are also the western neighbors of this province. This province is located in the communication route of the southern provinces of Iran to Mashhad.
History of South Khorasan province
This part of Iran was called Qahestan province in the past. Qahestan is actually the modified word "mountain". Since this region is the border between the frigid and tropical regions of Iran, it is known by this name. This state has had an important and strategic position due to its proximity to the three states of Sistan, Khorasan and Kerman. The great cities of Qahestan were witnessed by historians such as Marco Polo and Qain. Tun is the same city as Firdos today and Qain is also the same name and the center of Qaenat city.
Weather conditions of South Khorasan
This province is located in a hot and dry desert climate and is considered the second desert province of the country. Perhaps for this reason, the lowest population density of the country, i.e. 4.9 people per square kilometer, belongs to this province. Due to the desert climate, the amount of rainfall in this province is very low and water scarcity is a problem in many cities of the province. However, some high areas have favorable and moderate climate. Overall, summer in this region is very hot. It can be said that the best time to travel to this province is spring or autumn. In both spring and autumn, the weather is relatively mild and favorable. In general, the average annual temperature in this province is 17.5 degrees Celsius and the average rainfall is 134 mm.
Vegetation of South Khorasan
Due to its location in the desert climate, limited water resources and little annual rainfall, the vegetation cover of this area is very small. Factors such as intense evaporation and erosive winds have also caused the expansion of desert areas. Of course, more than 1000 plant species adapted to the desert climate have been identified in this region.
Wildlife of South Khorasan Province
There are more than 300 animal species in the wildlife of South Khorasan province. In this list, 200 species of birds, 50 species of reptiles and 50 mammals have been identified. Despite the desert climate, there are six wildlife sanctuaries in the region. Madhim and Sarbisheh region in Madhim and Sarbisheh cities, Shaskoh region in Qain and Zirkoh cities, Mozafari region in Ferdous and Beshrouye cities, Ark and Karang region in Khosuf city, Baghran region in Birjand city and Kamarsorkh region in Sarayan city, these protected areas are. There are three wildlife sanctuaries in this province, including Kaji Namakzar, Rabat Shore and Naibandan wetlands.
Agriculture in the province
South Khorasan province supplies high-quality agricultural products to the market. This province ranks first in the production of barberry and jujube and ranks second in the production of saffron and cotton in the country. Pomegranate is also one of the high-quality products of this region. So that Ferdous city holds the title of the third producer of pomegranates in the country. Of course, South Khorasan province ranks sixth among other provinces in terms of pomegranate production. This province is also the eighth sugar beet producing province. Other garden products of this province include: cherries, apricots, cherries, pears, apples, plums, pistachios, almonds, peaches, dates, walnuts, figs, elderberries, blackberries, and blackberries. Other agricultural products such as beans, wheat, barley, cotton and jalizi products and fodder plants are also produced in this province.
In the field of animal husbandry, the breeding of dairy and beef cattle, broiler and egg-laying chickens, sheep, goats and camels also has excellent statistics in this province.
Industries of South Khorasan Province
Factories and industrial workshops are operating in different fields in this province. Some of the active industries in this region include the production of motor vehicles, machinery and equipment, transportation equipment, metal products, plastic and rubber products, non-metallic mineral products, electrical machinery and devices, medical and optical instruments, paper and paper products. Basic metals, wood and wood products, furniture, textiles and food and beverage industries. At the level of this province, 5 industrial towns are operating in Ferdous, Qain, Birjand, Sarbisheh and Nehbandan.
Culture of South Khorasan Province
The culture of the people of a region includes a wide range of topics. In the following, we examine the most important components of the culture of South Khorasan province.
The language of the people of South Khorasan province
Due to the majority of Persian people in this region, Persian language is also the common language of the region. In different regions of the province, Persian is spoken in different dialects such as Birjandi, Sarayani, Qaini, Nehbandani, etc. The Baloch minority live in the border area of this province and speak the Balochi language. A minority of people living on the border also speak Pashto due to their proximity to Afghanistan. People speak Arabic in limited places such as Arabkhane in Nehbandan city.
Province calendar
Many villagers in this region still use their ancient calendar. This type of calendar is set based on planting and harvesting time, amount of rain and the like. For example, in the chronology of Birjand villages, special terms are used such as Chele Bozor (1st of July to 10 August) and Chele Khard (10 to 30 August).
Traditional ceremony of South Khorasan province
In this province, special traditional ceremonies have been held for a long time, such as Kakal festival (agriculture) or Kochchazi festival (livestock farming). In accordance with the season, special ceremonies are popular in some areas. For example, "Cheraghan" or "Charagho" is a custom of the period and staying at night during the long winter nights. There are also special customs and traditions for the celebration of special events such as Muharram, Yalda Night and Nowruz. For example, for the mourning of the month of Muharram in this region, there are ceremonies such as flag-banding, flag-carrying, shoveling, and reciting prayers.
South Khorasan local games
In the past, local games were formed according to the natural conditions, existing facilities and the mood of the people of the region. Unfortunately, many of these local games have been forgotten. But in some areas, some of these games can still be seen. Games such as Kolah Pas Prank, Kuteshne Kharabu, Erhang Erhang, Leper Bazi, Lon Castle, Jaws Bazi, Rig Bazi, Bejol Bazi and Stick Bazi are some of the local games of South Khorasan.
South Khorasan music
Music and dramatic movements have had a special place in the local ceremonies of this region for a long time. Beautiful and epic songs and dramatic rhythmic movements can be seen in the customs of most regions of the province. Birjand music can be considered the most original and famous music of the region. The common instruments in this music are serna, dahl, circle and reed. The ceremony of reciting couplets or "Faraghi" is another traditional ceremony common in this region.
Local cuisine of South Khorasan province
The local cuisine of South Khorasan has also been formed according to the nature of the people and the food available in the region. "Qorut" and "yellow curd" are two types of curds specific to this region, which give a special taste to local dishes. Various kinds of soups such as Lakhshak soup, Josh Pareh soup, Sour bulgur soup, Milk bulgur soup, Turnip soup and Amaj soup are popular in this region. Ashkeneh, such as Ashkeneh Khanjak, Ashkeneh Zarshek and Kashk Salari are other delicious local dishes.
Also, various types of food such as aubergine ghorut, nojush and koduche food are also special dishes of this region. Various types of stews such as artichoke stew, okra stew, bulgur pilaf, and local broths such as kashk broth, bulgur broth, and wheat broth are also cooked in this region. The local breads of South Khorasan are also cooked according to the variety of vegetable products in the region. Some of these local breads are Nan Do Atesheh, Taftan, Komach, Qolfi Nan, Gaurs Nan, and Serpiyazi Nan.
Local dress in South Khorasan province
The local clothes of each region are chosen according to the beliefs, lifestyle and natural conditions of each region. Therefore, the local dress of each region is a sign of the culture of the people of that region. In this province, women wear a type of charqad called "charqat". "Velvet" and "Kish" are other local clothing for women in this region. Felt cap and hat called "Mandil" is one of the special local clothes of men in this region. Chenshet village in Sarbisheh city is one of the few areas where the special local dress of this village is still popular.
Handicrafts of South Khorasan province
In this province, there are various handicrafts such as carpet weaving, jajim weaving, carpet weaving, tarke weaving, giwe weaving, mat weaving and barak weaving.
Souvenirs of South Khorasan province
The most important souvenir of South Khorasan province is saffron, the city of Qain is the center of its production. After that, products such as yellow curd, Qaraqrout, barberry and jujube can be considered as souvenirs. Various and colorful handicrafts such as zilo, felt, basket, mat, rug and jajim are also other souvenirs of this province.
Natural sights of South Khorasan province
Mineral springs
The hot springs of South Khorasan province are considered natural resources and scenic spots of the province. These springs have many healing properties for skin, digestive and rheumatic diseases. The most famous mineral springs of this province are:
Ferdows mineral hot spring
This spring, which is 200 years old, is located 20 kilometers north of Ferdows city. This complex is currently operating under the name of "Firdous Hydrotherapy and Hot Mineral Water Tourism Complex".
Morteza Ali hot spring
One of the natural wonders of this region is that in this spring, hot water and cold water are located together. This spring is located at a distance of 27 km from the city of Tabas.
Gezik hot spring
This spring has many tourists due to its location near the tomb of Sultan Ibrahim Reza. In fact, this tourist area is located in the Gezik part of the city. And this spring is 25 km away from the city of Asadieh and 130 km away from the city of Birjand.
Sarbisheh sour water spring
This hot spring comes out from the basalt andesite rocks. The water of this spring has a sour and pleasant taste. Sarbisheh water treatment complex has favorable amenities and beautiful natural scenery for tourists.
Rostam hot spring
This spring is very amazing with very hot green water and very cold white water together. This complex also has convenient facilities for tourists. Dig Rostam hot spring is located 240 km away from Tabas city.
The forests of South Khorasan
In the highlands of South Khorasan, the soil and weather conditions are different from other regions. As a result, green forests can be seen in the vegetation of this area. Most of the forests of South Khorasan are of trunk and cam type. In other areas of the province, there are forests of the purple, Seno, wild fig, Arjan, Deodal, Tangres and Mesquite forests.
Caves of South Khorasan
Helwan Cave
This cave is more than 250 meters long and is considered the longest cave in Tabas city. This cave is located 75 km from Tabas city near Helvan village.
bloody cave
In this cave, artifacts dating back 30,000 years have been discovered. This cave is located in the northeastern heights of Khonik village, 20 km south of Qain city.
Birjand Rubiat Cave
To access this cave with a depth of 60 meters, you have to go through a difficult path. The distance between Rubiat Cave and Birjand city is about 30 kilometers.
Ghar Beton Sarayan
This cave is the second deepest cave in South Khorasan Province and famous as the Dragon Cave. Several wells, small and large halls and ponds have created original scenery in this cave. This cave is located in the northeast of Sarian and at a distance of 17 kilometers.
Chenshet Cave
The presence of skeletons and traces of human life is an attractive and scary feature of this cave. This cave is located in the west of Chenshet village, 60 km south of Sarbisheh city.
Forty wells cave
This cave is also located near Chenshet Cave and bodies were discovered in it.
Farsan Cave
This cave is located in Qaenat city and in the vicinity of Thaghori village. The presence of a stone crescent like a bridge in this area is one of the unique and unforgettable images of South Khorasan.
South Khorasan mountains
Northern mountains
Qain, Sarayan and Ferdous mountains can be described as the northern mountains of South Khorasan. The most important peaks of this section are Shaskoh, Ahangaran, Kemer Red and Koh Siah.
Central mountains
Bagheran, Momen Abad and Shah Nasser mountains can be described as the central mountains of South Khorasan. The highest peak in the central part of South Khorasan is Nayband peak in Dihok area of Tabas city.
Southern mountains
The heights of the cities of Nehbandan and Sarbisheh, including the Red and Baran mountains, are located in this section. The highest peak of this region is Shah Mountain in the south of Mukhtaran Plain.
South Khorasan deserts
South Khorasan province is the center of pristine and spectacular deserts with a starry sky. Visiting beautiful desert villages with adobe houses, riding camels, walking through endless sands and starry nights are among the top attractions in South Khorasan province. The most important deserts of South Khorasan are:
The city of three castles
According to astronomical calculations, this area is one of the darkest and most starry places on earth. The Se Ghale observatory has an acceptable rating in terms of other astronomical indicators such as wind speed and altitude. This area is located in Sarayan city and on the edge of the central desert of Iran.
Plund desert
This area is also known as Mozaffari desert or Ferdows. This area is considered one of the scenic spots of South Khorasan province because of the yose tail sand, salt flats, the junction of the desert with the mountainous heights, the spectacular sand mountains and diverse wildlife, including the Iranian zebra. And Plund desert is located on the edge of Chah Plund village, 40 km northwest of Ferdows.
Hematabad desert
Hematabad desert is one of the richest desert ecosystems in terms of plant and animal diversity. Safari, camel riding and staying in the black tents of the nomads are among the tourist attractions of the region, which has made it one of the must-see places in South Khorasan province. This area is located in Hemat Abad village, 65 km from Zirkoh city.
The hot desert of Lut
This desert is located between the village of Khor and Hot Water Lot. The distance between Khor village and Birjand is about 80 km. The great plain of Khor, the scenic reeds of Garmab, the back of Garmab mountain and the Taq and Gaz forest are some of the attractions of this region.
Rigzar Yalan
According to the detection of NASA satellite sensors, this area has been known as the hottest spot on earth for several years in a row. In addition, the highest sand mountains in the world are located in Rigzar Yalan. Yalan Rigazar is located near Hyderabad Nahbandan.
Nehbandan Dehsalam Desert
This area is located in Lut desert, which is one of the hottest places on the planet. The heat of the air is such that animal carcasses dry before decomposition. For this reason, Dehsalam Nahbandan desert is described as a part of the moon on earth. Dehsalam village is located in the west of Nehbandan and at a distance of 85 km. This area is a short distance from Shahdad Klots.
Beshroi desert
This desert is one of the famous places in South Khorasan, which is also known as Beshrouye desert, and is located in the east of Beshrouye city. Scattered salt flats, sand dunes and diverse flora and fauna are among the sights of this region.
Khor desert
One of the deserts of South Khorasan province is located 50 km from Khosuf-Tabas axis. The reservoir and reeds of Kavir Khor have turned this area into an ideal place for bird watching.
Daq Akbarabad
Degh Akbarabad is a desert located in the northwest of Lut desert in Khosf city. This desert in the south of Akbarabad village has very poor vegetation and fauna.
Helwan desert
This desert is located in the northwest of Tabas and at a distance of 90 km. Sand dunes and vast salt flats are the characteristics of this region.
Mines of South Khorasan
Due to its geological location, this province has very valuable mines. In this vast province, 648 mines with 2.5 billion tons of definitive reserves have been discovered so far. Decorative stones, mineral soils, magnesite, coal, chromite, bentonite, iron ore, dolomite, marble, andalusite, basalt, marble, copper, gold, fluorine, silica, lead, potash and zinc are extracted from these mines.
The most beautiful villages of South Khorasan province
Chenshet village
Chenshet village is one of the sights of South Khorasan province, which is known as the land of colors. This nickname was given to it because of the colorful local dress of the village women. Chenshet village is one of the mountainous villages of the province that has a mild and favorable climate. This village is located in the south of Sarbisheh city at a distance of 60 kilometers.
Mosabi village
Mosabi village is one of the beautiful villages of South Khorasan. Favorable weather, green fields and gardens, spectacular waterfalls and white sedimentary mountains are among the tourist attractions of this village. This village is located in the northwest of Sarayan at a distance of 30 kilometers.
Noghab Hindu village
This village, which is located at the foot of the mountain, is terraced and very spectacular. The people of this village are Sunni and speak Persian with their own dialect. This village is located 80 km from Birjand.
Bideskan village
Bideskan village has other attractions in addition to the favorable mountain climate and spectacular scenery. Historical context, attractive customs, castles and old reservoirs are among the sights of Bideskan village. This village is located in the east of Ferdous city at a distance of 30 km.
Abiz village
This mountain village is located on the eastern slope of Shaskeh Mountain. In the favorable weather of this village, it is very attractive to visit the gardens and green fields, the castle of Koh Abiz, the tall cypress tree and the shrine of Shaskuh. This village is located in Zirkoh city, 160 km from Birjand.
Raqqa village
One of the beautiful villages of South Khorasan is the village of Raqqa in Beshravieh. According to historical documents, the age of this village is more than the age of Beshravieh. In addition to the favorable climate and green landscapes, there are valuable historical monuments in this village, such as Raqqa Grand Mosque. This village is 17 kilometers away from Beshrouye.
Naiband village
The exclusive feature of this village is the stepped structure of its adobe houses. For this reason, Naiband village is also known as Masuleh Kavir. In this village, the roof of every house is the yard of another house. In addition to the architecture of the village, the green citrus gardens and the Nayband peak are among the tourist attractions of the village. This village is located in the south of Tabas at a distance of 210 km.
Afin village
This village is famous for its historical monuments and natural scenery. A large part of this village is a barberry garden, which has created the greenery of four seasons in this area. Due to its location between two rivers, this village has a cool and very favorable climate.
Makhonik village
One of the strange villages of South Khorasan is Makhonik village on the border of Iran and Afghanistan. This village is also known as Liliputi village in Iran. The height of the people of this village is 80 to 120 cm. According to this feature, the houses of Makhonik village are completely different. Most of the houses in the village are built one meter deep. The height of the entrance door is so short that normal people have to bend down completely. In addition to these strange characteristics, the security and peace of Makhonik village is very commendable. In fact, Makhonik village is 143 kilometers away from Birjand city.
Khorashad village
Khorashad village has been introduced as one of the target villages for tourism in Birjand city. In addition to the natural and historical attractions, this was because of the handicrafts of the village. "To Bafi" is one of the handicrafts of South Khorasan that the people of Khorashad village are skilled in. Khorashad village is located 20 km away from Birjand.
Lower garden
The name of this village is the presence of many green gardens in this area. Even now, green gardens and sky-high plantain trees have created original scenery in this village. The old sycamore of Sar Asiyab area of this village has been registered in the list of cultural heritage. This village is located at a distance of 6 km from Ferdous city.
Dehsalam village
This village is located on the border of South Khorasan province and Kerman province in Nehbandan city. The presence of many palm trees in the heart of the desert has created a special and spectacular view in this village. This village is very old and the remains of several historical castles can be seen in it.
Karimo village
This village is located in the middle of a very beautiful valley. Due to its location, this village has a very favorable weather in spring, summer and autumn. Imamzadeh Karim Shah, Alavi Spring, Speedkoh Farm and Kalgi Valley are some of the places to visit in Karimo village. One of the attractive features of this village is people's adherence to customs and holding traditional ceremonies in it. This village is located in the north of Sarayan city and at a distance of 30 kilometers. On the way from Sarayan to Karimo, there are other green and pleasant summers.
Gazar village
This village is called Gazar or Gazar due to the presence of many gaz bushes in it. Gazar is one of the historical villages of South Khorasan. Among the sights of Gazar village, we can mention the very old library and school and an ancient castle.
Azmeighan village
This village has attracted the attention of tourists due to the proximity of palm trees and rice paddies. The variety of vegetation and agricultural products of this region is very interesting. The simultaneous cultivation of dates, rice, citrus fruits and Jalizi products is one of the wonders of this spectacular village. This village is located in the east of Tabas, at a distance of 40 km.
Kharo village
This village is also considered one of the historical villages of South Khorasan. In addition to pleasant weather and beautiful nature, beautiful historical monuments can also be seen in this village. Ancient castle, Shah Abbasi arch, Gebri house and old cypress tree are among the attractions of this area. Morteza Ali hot spring is also located in this village. Khoro village is located in the east of Tabas and at a distance of 25 kilometers.
Isfahak village
This village is very attractive and spectacular because of its old structure. On the Tabas-Dihok road, the authentic, monolithic and adobe texture of this village has created a very beautiful image. In fact, Asfak village is 38 kilometers away from Tabas.
Ark village
And Ark village is another summer village in South Khorasan. The access path to this village is a mountain path at the end of which there is a winding but very beautiful and green pass. Ark village is located in the north of Khosf city at a distance of 35 km.
Darakhesh and Asiban village
This summer village has been introduced as one of the exemplary tourism areas of South Khorasan due to its valuable historical monuments. Derakhsh Jame Mosque and Derakhsh Historical Castle are the most important historical monuments of this village. Of course, the presence of lots of green trees and summer weather has added to the charm of this village. This village is located at km 70 of Birjand-Darmian road.
Sightseeing places in South Khorasan
Religious places of South Khorasan
Tomb of Ibn Hossam Khosfi
The tomb of Ibn Hossam Khosfi, a poet of the 9th century AH, is located in the city of Khosf. The magnificent building of this tomb built on top of a hill is considered one of the sights of South Khorasan.
Tomb of Buzarjamehr Qaini
The tomb of Bouzarjamehr Qaini, a writer and politician of the 4th and 5th centuries of Hijri, is located in his hometown of Qain. This magnificent building with cruciform architecture is one of the sights of South Khorasan.
The building of Imamzadeh Muhammad and Ibrahim
The tomb of two descendants of Imam Musa Kazem (AS) is located in the historical city of Tun. This building, which dates back to the Timurid era, is one of the historical monuments of South Khorasan.
Qain Grand Mosque
Qain Grand Mosque is one of the buildings left from the Timurid era. This mosque, which is known as Zokhbeltin Mosque, has two altars and two qiblas.
Jame Tun Mosque
Today, this mosque is known as the old mosque in Ferdows. This mosque was built during the Seljuk period. Of course, parts of the building have been renovated.
Efin Grand Mosque
This mosque is one of the mosques registered in the list of national monuments of Iran. Efin Mosque is located in Efin village of Zirkoh city.
Four domes tomb
The name of this building is the presence of four domes on its roof. It is said that one of the descendants of Hazrat Abul Fazl (AS) is buried in this place.
Mahvid Mosque
This mosque is one of the buildings belonging to the Qajar era. This mosque is located in Mahvid village in Ferdous city.
Hinduvalan Mosque
One of the sightseeing places of the city is among the historical monuments of Hindolan Mosque. This building dates back to the Timurid era.
Jame mosque of four trees
One of the historical monuments of Birjand is Jame Mosque of Four Trees belonging to the Safavid era. This historical mosque has been registered in the list of national monuments of Iran.
Historical castles of South Khorasan
Qain mountain castle
This historical monument is one of the Ismaili castles in Iran. This historical building is located 3 kilometers away from Qain city.
Fort Forg
This castle is located in the village of Forg, one of the districts of Madhim city. It is said that after Alamut Castle, Forg Castle was the most important base of the Ismailis.
Birjand Castle
The biggest historical building in Birjand is called Birjand Castle or Birjand Fortress. This historical monument is built on top of one of the highest hills in Birjand.
Khanik Castle
There are remains of this brick castle above the peak of Khanik village. Khanik village is located in the central part of Ferdous city.
Ferdows daughter castle
This castle is also one of the Ismaili castles in Iran. This building dates back to the 4th and 5th centuries of Hijri. This castle is located near Hasan Abad village in the northwest of Ferdows.
Effin Castle
There are also remains of an ancient castle in Afin village of Zirkoh city.
Rostam Khosuf Castle
One of the stone castles of Iran is Rostam Castle in Khosef city. This castle is located in Ganj village of Khosf city.
Maud's garden and castle
This garden with guard towers, fence and moat built around the mansion is one of the residential castles of Iran. This building is located in Mod village of Birjand city.
Hoz Gholam Kash Castle
This castle is built on top of one of the peaks of Bagheran mountain range in South Khorasan. This historical building, which dates back to the 7th and 8th centuries of Hijri, is considered one of the must-see places in Birjand.
Shusef's daughter castle
Dokhtar Shusef Castle is built on top of a mountain at a height of 2200 meters. This castle is one of the sights of South Khorasan province, located in Tariq village in Nehbandan city.
Ferdows Castle Mountain
This castle is built in the form of stairs on top of a mountain in the south of Firdos.
Dokhtar Beshroi Castle
One of the mountain castles of Iran that has remained relatively intact is a castle called Dokhtar Beshroieh Castle. This castle is built on top of a mountain at a height of 400 meters.
Ismailian Castle
One of the Ismaili castles in Iran is a mountain castle in the city of Tabas. This castle, which is located in the vicinity of Kharavan village, was built during the Seljuk period.
Tabas Citadel
Tabas Citadel or Old Citadel is one of Tabas historical monuments with an age of more than a thousand years.
Historical mansions of South Khorasan
Ghafari House
One of the historical houses of South Khorasan is located in Ark village of Khosef city. The attractive architecture of this mansion, which includes 7 houses with 22 rooms, is very spectacular.
Khan's mansion and garden
This complex is located in the historical city of Beshravieh. This building dates back to the Qajar era.
Mostofi Beshravieh's house
One of the must-see places in South Khorasan province is Mustofi's historical house in the city of Beshravieh. The architectural style and decorations of this Qajar era building are very beautiful and spectacular.
Don't trust house
One of the must-see places in Birjand is the historical house of Emetadi Nia. This mansion was built at the end of the Qajar era.
Masumieh mansion and garden
This complex is located in Masumieh Street, Birjand. This beautiful and magnificent building was built during the Pahlavi period.
Khwaja Khizr's historical monument
This historical building, which is a kind of tomb mosque, is located on Montazeri street in Birjand. The use of the building is not clear and it is likely that it was used for burial ceremonies.
Professor Forozanfar's house
One of the historical houses in South Khorasan is the father's house of Badiul Zaman Forozanfar. This house, which is more than 200 years old, is located in the city of Beshravieh.
British Consulate
This historic mansion is located in the village of Manzareh Birjand and in the middle of a green garden. This historical building was built during the Qajar period.
Garden and mansion of Rahim Abad
One of the sightseeing places in Birjand is the historic building of Rahim Abad on Pasdaran Street. The age of this building apparently goes back to the Zandiye period.
Amirabad garden
One of the must-see places in Birjand is the historical mansion and garden of Amirabad. This historical building was built in the early Qajar era.
Shaukat Abad garden
This garden and historical mansion is located in the village of Shaukat Abad on the road from Birjand to Zahedan. This summer residence complex was one of the nobles of Qajar.
Behlgerd garden
This complex consists of two gardens, an old ice house, two mansions, crew quarters and a stable. Behlgerd Garden is one of the must-see places in Birjand, which is located in Behlgerd village in the east of Birjand.
Tabas Gulshan Garden
This vast garden with an area of 7 hectares was built in the city of Tabas during the time of Zandiyeh. There is only one mansion in this garden. This mansion was completely rebuilt after being destroyed in the 1957 Tabas earthquake.
Other historical sights of South Khorasan
Five human mills
One of the sights of South Khorasan is the five old mills with more than 400 years of age in Beshravieh.
Asbads of Nehbandan
Windmill or Asbad is one of the sights of the desert cities of Iran. This structure is a symbol of the art and knowledge of ancient Iranians.
hole stone
One of the sights of South Khorasan is located 35 km away from Ferdous city. This natural phenomenon caused by erosion is a hole with a diameter of 20 meters in the heart of limestone.
Sarayan reservoirs
One of the sights of South Khorasan is the historic water reservoirs of Sarayan city. The city of Sarayan is known as the land of old water reservoirs.
Crete Dam
Kerit or Korit Dam is one of the historical monuments of South Khorasan. This dam, which is one of the oldest arch dams in the world, is located at a distance of 42 km from the city of Tabas.
over water bridge
The water bridge over Beshrouye is one of the structures of the Sassanid era for the management of water resources.
Lakh Mazar petroglyph
This petroglyph is located in Koch Birjand village. The petroglyphs of Lakh Mazar date back to the time before ancient Iran.
Kal Jangal petroglyph
This petroglyph is one of the sights of South Khorasan, which is located 5 kilometers south of Khosuf city. This petroglyph is located in Kal Jangal valley in Rech mountain of Baghran mountain range.
Khan Caravanserai
Khan Caravanserai is located on the old road from Tabas to Yazd in the village of Rabat Khan. The architectural style and brickwork of this building is very spectacular.
Isfak and Nignan ligaments
The two historic caravanserais of Esfak and Nignan are among the historical monuments of Beshravieh, which are located in the village of the same name.
Waterfalls of South Khorasan province
The waterfalls of Sabz Rood Valley
One of the holiday areas of South Khorasan is located in the north of Sarayan city. There are about 19 very beautiful waterfalls in this area on a difficult and mountainous path.
Gyuk waterfall
5 km from the Birjand-Kerman road, there is a complex of dams and Giuk waterfalls. Gyuk waterfall was one of the most beautiful waterfalls in South Khorasan in the past.
Hangar waterfall
One of the sights of South Khorasan province is the Hangar waterfalls in the north of Shusef city. These waterfalls are available throughout the year.
Fourteen waterfalls
There are several spectacular waterfalls in the heights of Bagheran, 4 km from Birjand. The access path to the Chardeh Beda waterfalls is suitable for climbing.
Natural sights of South Khorasan
Kal Jeni Tabas
One of the most famous sights in South Khorasan is Kal Jeni Valley in Tabas. This beautiful area was created by erosion over the years.
Kaji Namczar wetland
Kaji Saltwater Wetland is located in Chah Daraz village, 75 km from Nehbandan. On the one hand, this natural phenomenon is the habitat of various birds and animals. On the other hand, lagoon water has therapeutic properties due to the presence of mineral salts.
Cal Sir Valley
The natural historical complex of Kal-Sar Valley is considered one of the must-see places in Tabas. A valley with sand walls and a stream with warm and cold water at the same time is the simple description of this area.
Bastaq tulips plain
This beautiful area is located on the Sarayan-Birjand road and between Bastaq village and Dost Abad. Every year in May season, many tourists travel to South Khorasan to see these beautiful tulips.
Valley dam
One of the sightseeing places of South Khorasan province is Bandar Dere tourist area in Birjand city. Mountain climate and Basfa lake attract many tourists to this area.
Museums of South Khorasan
Birjand Archaeological Museum
This museum is one of the sights of South Khorasan province, it is the biggest museum of the province. In this museum, valuable objects are exhibited in several different sections.
Famous Birjand Museum
The museum of celebrities has been established in the historical house of Pardeli Birjand. In this museum, a collection of biographies, works, pictures, commendations and national badges of scientific and cultural celebrities of Birjand are exhibited.
Cain Museum of Anthropology
This museum is located in one of Qain's historical houses called Soltani House. In this museum, the customs of the people of the region are displayed using mannequins.
Birjand Pahlavi Heritage Museum
This museum is located in an old mill called Amir Arab mill in Birjand. Sports and wrestling tools and pictures of wrestlers are displayed in this museum.
Birjand Wildlife Museum
A diverse collection of taxidermied animals is displayed in this museum. This museum is located in Bagh Akbari Birjand.
Birjand Museum of Anthropology
This museum is located in the Akbariye mansion, one of the historical buildings in Birjand. The occupations and customs of the people in the past are beautifully displayed in this museum.
Beshroi Private Museum
This museum is one of the first private museums in the country. This museum has been established in the private house of Mullah Abdullah Toni, one of the elders of Beshravieh. The architecture of the house and all its furniture are about 400 years old.
Nahbandan Museum of Anthropology
This museum has been established in the house of one of the historical houses of Nehbandan. In this museum, historical monuments, local clothes and occupations of native people have been introduced.
Tabas Museum of Anthropology
This museum is located in Hammam Khan, which is a relatively old building. In this museum, the occupations and lives of people in the past have been introduced.
Qain Water Museum
This museum is located in one of the historical reservoirs of Qain. In this museum, in addition to old tools and equipment, pictures and documents related to water facilities from the past are kept.
Museum of Anthropology, House of Emetadi Nia
This museum has been exhibited in one of the historical houses of Birjand with the help of the private sector.
Athens Museum of Anthropology
This museum has been established in the old mill of Afin village in Qain city. In this museum, agricultural tools and old life accessories are displayed.
Khazari Museum of Anthropology
The Khazari Museum of Anthropology has been established in the city of Qain. In this museum, objects and accessories of old life are kept.
Cities of South Khorasan province
Birjand (the center of the province), Ferdous, Tabas, Qaenat, Nehbandan, Sarbisheh, Madhim, Sarayan, Beshroieh, Zirkouh and Khosuf. In the following, we will briefly introduce each of the cities of South Khorasan province.
Birjand city
Birjand city is the capital of the province and the center of Birjand city. This city has a very bright history. Birjand Pipe Water Company was the first water organization in Iran. In terms of the water piping system, Birjand is the second city in the country where the water piping system has been implemented. This city has also been a pioneer in terms of culture. The third modern style school in Iran was established under the name of Shoktie School in Birjand.
Several meanings have been mentioned for the word Birjand, but the meaning of "Storm City" seems to be the most correct meaning. People of Birjand speak Persian language with Birjandi dialect. In the Birjandi dialect, many words and expressions are quoted unchanged from Old Persian. There are a variety of historical monuments and natural attractions in the list of sights in Birjand. Hakim Nizari's Tomb, Manzariyeh Garden, Shoktiyeh School and Band Dareh are among the most famous places to visit in Birjand.
Firdous city
Ferdous city, the center of Ferdous county, is one of the other authentic cities of South Khorasan. This city was called "Tun" in the past and it was one of the important cities of Qahestan province. The word "tun" has been interpreted as equivalent to bath and treasure, and the reason for naming the city was the presence of hot water springs in this city. This city was one of the bases of the Ismailis in Iran, and Ferdows Castle Hill and Ferdows Daughter Castle are historical monuments left from that era.
Unfortunately, in the earthquake of 1347, most of the city of Ferdows was destroyed. The destruction of the city caused people to migrate and reduce the population and prestige of Ferdows. Although the dialect of Ferdows people is very close to authentic Farsi, it is very difficult to understand. Many sightseeing places of South Khorasan province are located in Ferdous city. Ferdows hot spring, Plund desert, Mozafari desert, summer villages, castles and historical buildings are among the sights of Ferdows.
Tabas city
The city of Tabas, which was once a part of Yazd province, became one of the parts of South Khorasan in 1391. This city also has a brilliant historical background. Valuable historical monuments such as Khan's caravanserai and Shah Abbasi's arch have been preserved from the past. Tabas Gulshan Garden is also a valuable relic of the glory and prosperity of this city. This city was spared from the Mongol attack, but the earthquake of 1357 completely destroyed this city.
The presence of rich mines around Tabas is a sign of the presence of forest in the past of this region. Currently, there are no shortage of natural attractions in Tabas. The amazing Kal Jeni valley is one of the most famous sights of South Khorasan province, located in Tabas city. Morteza Ali spring, summer villages, Seno forest and Helwan desert are other attractions of Tabas. Herbal medicines and handicrafts such as rugs are among the most famous souvenirs of Tabas.
Kaenat city
Qaenat city and especially its center city Qaen is known as the capital of barberry and saffron in the world. This name is due to the cultivation of the best barberry and saffron in South Khorasan in the city of Qain. In the past, the city of Qain was one of the most important cities of the province of Qahestan, along with the city of Tun. Of course, this city has been of special importance since the Sassanid era due to its strategic location.
In this city, there are valuable historical monuments such as Jame Qain Mosque, Bouzar Jamhar Qaini Tomb, Khuzari Mosque and Qain Castle. Ghar Khunik is also one of the natural attractions of this city. After barberry and saffron, qorut or keshk, special to Qaenat city, is considered a special souvenir of this city. This nutritious and tasty curd is used to cook many local dishes of Qain. The people of this region also produce beautiful handicrafts. Carpets and Jajim and all kinds of traditional embroidery are beautiful and colorful souvenirs of the city of Qain.
Nehbandan city
Nehbandan city is one of the other cities in South Khorasan with the center of Nehbandan city. This city consists of three parts: Nehbandan, Shusuf and Dehek. Most of the areas of this city are relatively flat plains. Only the northern and western parts of this city lead to the mountains. Apparently, the Baloch people were the first inhabitants of this region. At present, Fars, Baloch and Arab tribes live in different parts of Nahbandan. Precious stones are the most important product of Nehbandan.
In this city, there are both precious stones and high-quality granite. Jujubes, dates, pistachios, barberry, saffron and pomegranates are also agricultural products of this city. One of the most different sightseeing places in South Khorasan province is Nehbandan Castles. This structure, compatible with life in the desert, is a symbol of the art and knowledge of ancient Iranians. Keji Namakzar wetland, Nehbandan klots and summer villages such as Dehsalam village are among the sights of Nehbandan. Nehbandan Klots or Martian Mountains are located on the way of Shahdad Kerman.
Sarbisheh city
In the past, Sarbisheh was considered one of the districts of Birjand. Sarbisheh became an independent city since 2001. This city consists of three central parts, Darh and Mod. Its most important cities are Sarbisheh, Darh and Mod, and Sarbisheh is considered the center of the city.
The sights of Sarbisheh are a diverse collection of natural attractions and historical monuments. One of the most famous sightseeing places in South Khorasan province, Makhonik village, is located in this city. Makhonik village is the same as the village of the Liliputs of Iran. There are also castles, mosques and historical mansions among the sights of Sarbisheh. Several caves, mineral springs and beautiful villages are also among the sights of Sarbisheh. Chenshet village and sour water spring are among the top sights of Sarbisheh.
Middle city
Madhim city was introduced as an independent city of South Khorasan province since 2004. It consists of three central parts, Qahestan and Gazik. The most important cities in the city of Madhim; There are Asadieh, Qahestan, Tabas Messina and Gazik, and Asadieh city is the center of the city. This city has a 70 km long border with Afghanistan.
About two-thirds of the areas of this city are plains and one-third are mountainous. This region has hot and dry summers and cold winters. Due to the desert climate and lack of water, a large part of this city is a desert. Forg village and Forg castle are one of the most famous sights of South Khorasan province in this city. Castles, mansions and historical mosques are other attractions of this city. The protected area with different animal species is also one of the natural attractions of this area.
Sarayan city
Sarayan city was considered one of the departments of Ferdous city until 2013. From this year, it was introduced as one of the cities of South Khorasan province. This city consists of two parts of Aysk and three castles. Sarayan, Aysk and three castles are the important cities of Sarayan city. Sarayan city is the most important city and center of Sarayan city. The climate of this region is moderate with cold winters and dry summers.
One of the most beautiful caves in South Khorasan, Beton Cave, is located in this city. Concrete Cave or Dragon Cave is the second deepest cave in Iran. Mosabi and Karimo villages are among the beautiful villages of South Khorasan in this city. Sabzroud Valley waterfall, Se Ghale Desert, Degh Sarayan and the prohibited hunting area of Kamarsorkh are other natural attractions of this region. Sarayan Caravanserai and Turan Shah Mausoleum are valuable historical monuments of this city.
Beshrouye city
Beshrouye city was a part of Ferdous city until 2007. Since that year, it became independent as one of the cities of South Khorasan province. This city consists of two parts, Central and Ersk. Beshrouye city is the only city and the center of Beshrouye city. A large part of this city is desert and a small part is mountainous. Beshrouye Desert is the most famous natural attraction of this city. The city of Beshravieh is one of the historical cities of Iran that still preserves its traditional texture. Due to the presence of wind turbines in the architecture of the city, this city is known as the city of wind turbines.
The Windmill of Mostofi House in Beshravieh is a rare example of historical windmills in Iran. Among the sights of Beshrouye is the Beshroe Private Museum, which is one of the first private museums in the country. Several cisterns, baths, mosques and historical buildings are among the historical monuments of Beshravieh. The main agricultural products of Bishrouye are cotton, barley, wheat and pistachios.
Zirkoh city
Zirkoh city was a part of Qaenat city until 1391. After that, it was independently introduced as one of the cities of South Khorasan. This city consists of three parts: Central, Zahan and Shaskuh. The cities of Hajiabad, Zahan and Abiz are located in this city. Hajiabad city has been chosen as the center of Zirkoh city. Zirkoh historical monuments are a collection of several castles, mosques, water reservoirs, Rabat and historical tombs.
Zardan Mountain Castle and Zardan Rabat is one of the famous sights of South Khorasan, located in Zardan Zirkuh village. A number of beautiful villages in South Khorasan, such as Abiz village, are located in Zirkoh city. Among the natural attractions of Zirkoh, there are also popular options such as Hemat Abad Desert, Arghvan Valley and Zarashak Garden. Barberry is considered the most important product and souvenir of Zirkoh. After that, saffron, jujube, plum, pistachio and grape are other high-quality products of Zirkouh.
Khosuf city
Khosuf city consists of two central parts and Majhan plain. Khosef, Mohammadshahr and Jalga Majhan are the cities of this city. Khosuf city has been chosen as the center of Khosuf city of South Khorasan province. The city of Khosf is known as the land of narcissus flowers due to the suitable climatic conditions for the cultivation of narcissus flowers. This city is one of the desert cities of Iran, where the architecture of desert cities, such as mud houses, windy houses, vestibules, and corridors, can still be seen in it.
It is interesting to know that the root of the word Khosuf actually goes back to the Georgian language. It is said that before Islam, Georgians established this area and its name was actually "Khus-F" or "Khodes-F". Several castles, cisterns, mosques, baths and historic mansions are among the sights of Khusuf. In addition to barberry, saffron, and pomegranate, other products such as jujube, elderberry, peach leaf, dried mulberry, black curd, and Qorot are considered souvenirs of Khosf.
